Xeriscaping with Native Flora: Water Sustainability and Biodiversity in Spain

Selecting Native Species and Adapted Varieties

The creation of dry gardens with native flora from Spain represents a landscape solution adapted to increasing water scarcity and the promotion of local biodiversity. This design approach not only drastically reduces water consumption but also establishes resilient ecosystems that require minimal maintenance, favoring pollinator fauna and harmonious integration with the natural environment.

The design of a dry garden is based on the strategic selection of plant species adapted to arid conditions and water zoning. The native flora of the Iberian Peninsula and the islands is ideal due to its innate resilience to local climatic conditions, including periods of prolonged drought and significant thermal variations. Examples of Mediterranean plants with great potential include Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Phlomis fruticosa (Jerusalem Sage), and shrubs like Cistus ladanifer (Gum Rockrose) or Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom). The selection of these species contributes to the conservation of regional plant genetics and the ecological functionality of the space. Recent studies highlight the importance of local varieties for adaptation to specific microclimates, offering greater robustness against extreme weather events. The integration of new drought-resistant horticultural varieties, developed through genetic improvement programs, expands design possibilities without compromising sustainability.

Substrate Preparation and Mulching Techniques

The success of a dry garden lies in the initial soil preparation and the implementation of specific planting techniques. Adequate substrate amendment, ensuring good drainage and an airy structure, is fundamental to prevent waterlogging and promote deep root development. The addition of organic materials such as mature compost improves nutrient retention capacity without excessively increasing water retention. The technique of mulching with organic or inorganic materials, such as gravel or bark, is crucial. This practice reduces soil water evaporation, suppresses weed growth, and moderates substrate temperature, thereby decreasing the need for irrigation. During the establishment period, supportive watering is essential to encourage deep rooting, progressively reducing its frequency and volume until the plants become self-sufficient. The implementation of efficient drip irrigation systems, controlled by moisture sensors in the initial phases, allows for optimized water use and ensures the survival of younger plants.

The aesthetic composition of a dry garden can be as rich and varied as that of a traditional garden. The combination of textures, colors, and heights offered by native plants allows for the creation of dynamic and attractive designs throughout the year. Grouping species with similar water requirements facilitates management and maintenance. Beyond aesthetics, these gardens act as vital refuges for native fauna. The flowers of species such as Rockrose or Rosemary attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, while the fruits of shrubs like Hawthorn or Mastic provide food for birds. Permaculture design can be integrated, creating microclimates and shaded areas that promote biological diversity. The current trend towards creating urban and peri-urban “green corridors” underscores the importance of these gardens as nodes of ecological connectivity, contributing to the resilience of local ecosystems against habitat fragmentation. Monitoring insect and bird activity in dry gardens has revealed a significant increase in biological activity, validating their role in conservation.

Water Management and Efficient Irrigation Systems

The adoption of dry garden design with native plants from Spain is not merely an aesthetic choice but a conscious decision towards environmental sustainability. These green spaces are a testament to how gardening can coexist in harmony with current climatic challenges, offering beauty, resilience, and valuable support to biodiversity. The initial investment in planning and species selection translates into significant long-term resource savings and the creation of a lasting ecological legacy for future generations.