Integrated Management of Mole Crickets (*Neoscapteriscus spp.*) in Lettuce Cultivation

Identification and Biological Cycle of Neoscapteriscus spp.

The presence of mole crickets (Neoscapteriscus spp.) in lettuce crops poses a significant challenge for growers in Argentina and Latin America. These subterranean insects can cause considerable damage to the roots of young plants, compromising crop viability and yield. Addressing this pest requires an informed, multifaceted strategy that integrates preventive, cultural, and biological methods, aligning with current trends in sustainable agriculture and Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

Understanding the mole cricket’s biology is fundamental for effective control. These insects, belonging to the genus Neoscapteriscus, are known for their burrowing ability and their predominantly root-feeding diet. Their life cycle includes eggs, nymphs, and adults, with nymphs and adults causing the most significant damage by feeding on the roots and the base of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) stems. Early identification of their presence, often evidenced by subterranean galleries and wilted plants without apparent cause, allows for timely intervention. In regions like the Humid Pampa, their activity intensifies during warm, humid periods, making constant monitoring crucial.

Cultural and Preventive Practices for Lettuce

The implementation of appropriate cultural techniques constitutes the first line of defense against mole crickets. Soil preparation is vital; deep plowing before planting can expose eggs and nymphs to predators and desiccation. Crop rotation, alternating lettuce with species less attractive to mole crickets, disrupts their life cycle and reduces soil populations. Water management also plays a role; avoiding excessive irrigation can make the environment less conducive to their development. Furthermore, incorporating well-composted organic matter improves soil structure, favoring root development and plant resilience against potential attacks. Soil solarization during periods of high solar radiation has proven to be an effective technique for reducing initial populations of subterranean pests.

Biological control offers sustainable and ecological solutions for mole cricket management. Introducing or encouraging natural enemies is a key strategy. Entomopathogenic nematodes such as Steinernema scapterisci or S. carpocapsae are microorganisms that parasitize and kill mole crickets, representing a highly specific and environmentally safe option. These are applied to the soil, where they actively seek out the pest. Recent research highlights the effectiveness of these nematodes under field conditions. Another alternative is the use of entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana, formulated as biopesticides, which infect the insect and cause its death. Monitoring insectivorous birds in the garden, such as lapwings or gulls, which feed on mole crickets exposed during tilling, also forms part of a comprehensive biological strategy.

Biological Control and Specific Biopesticides

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for mole crickets in lettuce relies on constant observation and informed decision-making. Installing specific sound traps or light traps for adults can help monitor pest activity and determine flight peaks, allowing for timely intervention planning. Periodic inspection of the soil and plants helps detect the presence of nymphs and early-stage damage. Combining these techniques—cultural prevention, biological control, and monitoring—reduces reliance on chemical solutions, minimizing environmental impact and fostering a more balanced agricultural ecosystem. This holistic approach is fundamental for producing healthy, high-quality lettuce, in line with current demands for regenerative agriculture and safe food production.

Effective management of mole crickets in lettuce crops requires a proactive perspective and the combined use of various tools. By integrating robust cultural practices, innovative biological control solutions, and constant monitoring, growers can protect their crops sustainably. Adopting these strategies not only ensures plant health but also contributes to agroecosystem resilience, a fundamental pillar for the agriculture of the future.