Propagation, Management, and Sustainable Cultivation of *Annona cacans*

Soil and Climate Requirements for Cultivating Annona cacans

The Annona cacans, popularly known as sete capotes or seven capes, is a native fruit species with considerable ecological and agronomic value, especially in contexts of climate resilience and biodiversity. Originating from biomes such as the Cerrado, this annonaceae offers fruits with a distinctive flavor, and its cultivation aligns with sustainable agriculture practices, integrating the conservation of autochthonous species into production systems.

The optimal development of sete capotes depends on specific soil and climate conditions. This species thrives in well-drained soils, with sandy or loamy-sand textures, and a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5-7.0). Substrate preparation is crucial, incorporating organic matter to improve structure and nutrient retention without compromising drainage. Regarding climate, Annona cacans is a tropical and subtropical plant, adapted to periods of seasonal drought, a characteristic that positions it as an interesting option in the face of climate change scenarios. It requires full sun exposure for adequate fruiting, although it can tolerate partial shade in its early stages. The selection of the planting site must consider protection against strong winds that could damage young branches and flowers.

Propagation Techniques and Plantation Establishment

The propagation of Annona cacans is mainly done by seeds, although germination can be slow and erratic. To improve the germination rate and speed, seed scarification is recommended, either mechanically (gentle sanding) or chemically (immersion in gibberellic acid). After germination, seedlings are grown in a nursery until they reach a suitable size for transplanting, generally between 30 and 50 cm in height. Grafting, an emerging technique for this species, allows for accelerated entry into production and maintains the genetic homogeneity of selected varieties. The most commonly used rootstock is Annona cacans itself or compatible species from the same genus. Planting density varies, but a spacing of 4x4 meters or 5x5 meters is common to allow for the full development of the trees and facilitate cultural practices. Successful establishment involves abundant initial watering and protection of seedlings against common pests and diseases in the early stages.

Efficient agronomic management is key to the productivity of sete capotes. Irrigation must be regular during dry periods, especially during the flowering and fruiting stages. The implementation of drip irrigation systems optimizes water use, a vital consideration in modern agriculture and in regions with water restrictions. Recent studies on the response of annonaceae to organic fertilization suggest that the application of compost and earthworm humus significantly improves soil health and nutrient availability. Periodic soil analysis is recommended to adjust nutritional amendments, prioritizing the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as essential micronutrients. Formative pruning is crucial in the early years to establish a strong, open structure, facilitating light and air penetration. Subsequently, maintenance pruning is performed to remove dry or diseased branches and stimulate fruiting. The integration of these practices contributes to sustainable, high-quality production.

Agronomic and Nutritional Management for Sete Capotes

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is fundamental for the cultivation of Annona cacans, minimizing the use of agrochemicals and promoting ecological balance. Pests such as fruit borers and mealybugs can affect production. Biological control, through the introduction of natural enemies or the promotion of biodiversity in the orchard, is an effective strategy. Pheromone traps and constant monitoring allow for early detection of problems. Regarding diseases, Annona cacans shows good general resistance, but it is important to ensure good aeration and avoid excess moisture to prevent fungal pathogens. Harvesting is done when the fruits reach physiological maturity, indicated by changes in skin color and slight yielding to the touch. It is crucial to harvest carefully to avoid damage that compromises post-harvest quality. Fruit preservation should be done under controlled temperature and humidity conditions to extend shelf life, ideally between 10-15°C. Promoting permaculture practices in the cultivation environment, such as intercropping with companion plants, can improve the resilience of the system and soil health. An example of an institute dedicated to biodiversity conservation and the study of native species is the National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), which conducts applied research in fruit production in Argentina.

The Annona cacans, or sete capotes, represents a valuable opportunity to diversify fruit production and strengthen regional agriculture with native species. Its cultivation, based on sustainable practices and a deep understanding of its requirements, not only offers fruits of high nutritional and sensory value but also contributes to biodiversity conservation and the adaptation of production systems to current environmental challenges. Integrating innovations in propagation, agronomic management, and phytosanitary control ensures the success and sustainability of this promising species in modern fruit production.