Biol: Composition, Production, and Application of Liquid Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture

Formulation and Mechanisms of Action of Liquid Biofertilizers

Plant nutrition is a fundamental pillar for the success of any agricultural system, from home gardens to large-scale production. In this context, liquid biofertilizers, known as bioles, represent an ecological and efficient alternative for boosting soil health and crop vigor. Their formulation, based on anaerobic fermentation processes, integrates principles of regenerative agriculture and soil microbiology, offering a sustainable solution compared to synthetic chemical inputs.

Bioles are organic preparations resulting from the controlled fermentation of organic materials of animal and plant origin, rich in beneficial microorganisms. These products act as biological and nutritional stimulants, providing a complex network of nutrients, phytohormones, and enzymes that improve the absorption of essential elements by plants. The microbial activity present in bioles facilitates phosphorus and potassium solubilization, fixes atmospheric nitrogen, and decomposes organic matter, releasing nutrients that would otherwise be unavailable. Their application contributes to the resilience of agroecosystems, promoting a biological balance that reduces the incidence of pests and diseases.

Anaerobic Fermentation Processes for Biol Production

The production of bioles requires careful selection of inputs and proper management of the anaerobic process. Basic components typically include fresh animal manure (cattle, sheep, poultry), chlorine-free water, molasses or panela as an energy source for microorganisms, ash to provide minerals, and optionally, milk or whey to enrich the microbial population. The mixture is introduced into an airtight container, such as a biodigester or a plastic tank with a gas release valve (fermenter), where the absence of oxygen is maintained. This anaerobic environment favors the development of specific bacteria and fungi that transform organic matter. The fermentation process can last between 30 and 90 days, depending on the ambient temperature and the composition of the mixture. A mature biol has a characteristic fermented odor, similar to alcohol or damp earth, and a dark, homogeneous color. It is crucial to avoid exposure to air during fermentation to prevent the proliferation of undesirable microorganisms that could compromise the quality of the final product.

The versatility of bioles allows for both foliar and root application, adapting to various crop needs. For foliar applications, a dilution of 5% to 10% in water is recommended, spraying the leaves during hours of lower sunlight to avoid burns. This method enhances photosynthesis and resistance to foliar pathogens. For root applications, the dilution can be higher, 10% to 20%, incorporated directly into the soil via irrigation or drench. This stimulates root development, improves soil structure, and increases nutrient availability in the rhizosphere. The frequency of application varies depending on the crop and its phenological stage, but generally, it is suggested every 15 to 30 days. Recent studies in the Patagonian region of Argentina have shown that regular application of bioles significantly improves biomass and yield in horticultural crops like lettuce and chard, while reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers, aligning with urban and peri-urban agriculture practices that aim to optimize resources and minimize environmental impact.

Foliar and Root Application Protocols in Horticultural Crops

The field of liquid biofertilizers is constantly evolving, driven by the search for more sustainable agricultural systems resilient to climate change. Current research explores the inclusion of specific microbial strains, such as Azotobacter spp. and Bacillus spp., to enhance nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. Furthermore, the integration of bioles into precision agriculture systems, where soil sensors monitor nutritional requirements and moisture, allows for more efficient and targeted application. In Latin America, agricultural communities and organizations like INTA (National Agricultural Technology Institute) in Argentina promote workshops and training for the artisanal production of bioles, fostering producer autonomy and the adoption of agroecological practices. This trend aligns with the principles of permaculture, which seeks to design self-sufficient agricultural systems in harmony with natural cycles, contributing to food security and the conservation of local biodiversity. The development of bioles enriched with biostimulant plant extracts, such as marine algae or legumes, represents another line of innovation that promises to further improve crop response.

The production and use of liquid bioles offer a robust strategy for strengthening soil fertility and plant health, marking a path towards more conscious and productive agriculture. Their adoption not only benefits the harvest but also contributes to environmental health and the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems.